Best Boxers of all time

Boxing has a rich history filled with legendary fighters who have left their mark on the sport. From the dazzling footwork of Muhammad Ali to the precise punches of Floyd Mayweather, these athletes have shown what it means to be the best in the ring. In this article, we’ll explore the greatest boxers of all time, focusing on their incredible achievements and contributions to the sport. Whether you’re a die-hard boxing fan or just curious, this list is sure to spark some debate!

Key Takeaways

• Muhammad Ali is often regarded as the greatest due to his charisma and skill inside the ring.
• Floyd Mayweather’s unbeaten record highlights his dominance in boxing’s pound-for-pound rankings.
• Sugar Ray Robinson is celebrated for his versatility across multiple weight classes.
• Joe Louis’s reign as heavyweight champion set records that stood the test of time.
• Manny Pacquiao is the only boxer to win world titles in eight different weight divisions.

1. Muhammad Ali

Muhammad Ali, often called the greatest, is more than just a boxer; he’s a cultural icon. His impact extends far beyond the ring. He was known for his charisma, his outspokenness, and his skill. He won an Olympic gold medal and became a heavyweight champion.

Ali’s refusal to be drafted into the Vietnam War, while controversial, solidified his image as a man of principle. He sacrificed his career at its peak to stand up for his beliefs, a decision that continues to inspire debate and admiration.

Ali’s career stats are impressive:

• Total fights: 61
• Wins: 56
• Knockouts: Many

2. Floyd Mayweather

Floyd "Money" Mayweather, born Floyd Joy Sinclair, is widely regarded as one of the best boxers ever. He retired with a perfect 50-0 record, a feat only matched by Rocky Marciano, but Mayweather did it against a higher caliber of competition. He’s a five-division world champion, winning twelve world titles and lineal championships in four different weight classes. Mayweather’s impact extends beyond the ring; he’s generated over $1.3 billion in pay-per-view revenue, surpassing legends like Mike Tyson and Manny Pacquiao. He was also the world’s highest-paid athlete multiple times.

Mayweather’s defensive skills were unmatched. His shoulder roll technique, combined with incredible footwork and hand speed, made him a nightmare for opponents. He beat some of the biggest names in boxing, including Manny Pacquiao, Oscar De La Hoya, and Canelo Alvarez.

Mayweather’s fight against Pacquiao in 2015 remains one of the richest fights in boxing history.

Here are some of Mayweather’s accomplishments:

• Undefeated record of 50-0.
• Five-division world champion.
• Multiple Fighter of the Year awards.
• Highest-paid athlete in the world several times.

Mayweather’s promotional skills are also noteworthy. He founded Mayweather Promotions, taking control of his career and finances. His business acumen, combined with his boxing talent, made him a global superstar. He even fought Conor McGregor in a crossover event that generated massive revenue. He truly is one of the best ever.

3. Sugar Ray Robinson

Okay, so, Sugar Ray Robinson. Where do you even start? This guy is almost universally considered one of the best, if not the best, pound-for-pound boxers ever. Even Muhammad Ali and Sugar Ray Leonard looked up to him. That’s saying something, right?

He wasn’t just good; he was flashy, skilled, and had power for days. Robinson had a near-perfect blend of power, speed, skill, durability, and showmanship. He won more fights against world champions and Hall of Famers than pretty much anyone else. By the summer of ’42, his record was something like 129-1-2. Crazy.

He was a five-time middleweight champion and his championship reigns spanned like 14 years. The pound-for-pound rankings were basically created so people could give Robinson the credit he deserved. He fought 202 times, winning 175, and knocking out 108 opponents. That’s a lot of knockouts!

It’s hard to really put into words just how dominant Robinson was. He fought across multiple weight classes, and he was a force in every single one. He had the kind of talent that made other great fighters look like they were in a different league. He was just special.

4. Joe Louis

Joe Louis, often called the "Brown Bomber," is considered by many to be one of the greatest heavyweight champions ever. His career was marked by a dominant reign and a series of memorable fights that captivated the nation.

Louis’s story is pretty interesting. His mom wanted him to learn violin, hoping it would keep him out of poverty. But Joe had other plans. Instead of violin lessons, he found a boxing gym and the rest, as they say, is history.

He had a pretty rough time after his career ended. He volunteered for the U.S. Army during his prime and donated his earnings to the Army and Navy. But after the war, the IRS came after him for back taxes on those donations. It’s a sad story, but it shows the kind of guy he was.

• Held the heavyweight title for nearly 12 years.
• Had 25 successful title defenses.
• Finished with a record of 66-3, with 52 knockouts.

Joe Louis was more than just a boxer; he was a symbol of hope and resilience during a difficult time in American history. His impact extended far beyond the ring, making him a true icon.

5. Mike Tyson

Mike Tyson, also known as "Iron Mike," is a name that still carries a lot of weight in boxing. He was the undisputed heavyweight champion from 1987 to 1990, and his aggressive style made him one of the most feared boxers ever.

He won his first 19 professional fights by knockout, which is just insane. People were genuinely scared to get in the ring with him. It’s hard to think of another boxer who had that kind of raw power and intimidation factor so early in their career. He just seemed unstoppable.

Of course, Tyson’s career had its ups and downs. His stats are a bit skewed because he kept fighting past his prime. He ended up with 50 wins out of 58 fights, with 44 knockouts. He lost six times and had two no contests. But even with those later losses, his impact on boxing is undeniable. He’s still one of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.

Tyson’s story is a reminder that even the most dominant athletes face challenges both inside and outside the ring. His career was a mix of incredible highs and very public lows, making him a complex and fascinating figure in sports history.

Here’s a quick look at some of his key achievements:

• Youngest heavyweight champion ever
• Undisputed heavyweight champion
• Known for his incredible punching power

6. Rocky Marciano

Rocky Marciano, born Rocco Francis Marchegiano, is a legend. He’s the only heavyweight champion to retire with a perfect record. That’s right, zero losses. It’s pretty amazing when you think about it. He fought from 1947 to 1955, and his career is still talked about today.

Marciano’s undefeated record is a huge part of his legacy.

He defended his title six times against some tough opponents:

• Jersey Joe Walcott
• Roland La Starza
• Ezzard Charles (twice!)
• Don Cockell
• Archie Moore

It’s easy to look at his record and think it was all easy wins, but that’s not the case. He had to work hard for every single victory. He had a knockout rate of 88 percent, which is insane. He was knocked down only twice in his career, once by the great Archie Moore. That says a lot about his resilience and determination.

7. Manny Pacquiao

Manny Pacquiao, also known as "Pac-Man", is a name that resonates across the globe, not just in boxing. He’s a boxer, politician, and public figure in the Philippines. Pacquiao’s career is marked by his incredible speed, power, and relentless attacking style.

He’s the only eight-division world champion in boxing history, which is a huge deal. He didn’t just win titles; he dominated across multiple weight classes, from flyweight all the way to welterweight. That kind of versatility and sustained success is rare. He’s also won twelve major world titles, and was the first boxer to win the lineal championship in five different weight classes. Pacquiao is also the first boxer in history to win major world titles in four of the eight "glamour divisions" of boxing: flyweight, featherweight, lightweight, and welterweight.

Here’s a quick look at some of his accolades:

• Fighter of the Decade (2000s) by BWAA, WBC, and WBO
• Three-time Ring magazine Fighter of the Year
• Best Fighter ESPY Award winner

Beyond boxing, Pacquiao has also dabbled in basketball, business, TV, movies, music, and politics. He even served as a Senator in the Philippines. It’s safe to say he’s a busy guy. He’s also set to have a boxing exhibition with RIZIN.

Pacquiao’s impact on boxing is undeniable. He’s generated millions in pay-per-view buys and a ton of revenue throughout his career. He’s not just a fighter; he’s a global icon.

8. Bernard Hopkins

Bernard Hopkins, often called "The Alien," had a crazy long career. He’s known for his smarts in the ring and being in super good shape, which let him win titles even when he was older.

He held the middleweight title for a record 20 defenses straight from 1996 to 2005. In 2004, he beat Oscar De La Hoya with a body shot and became the undisputed champ. Later, in 2011, he won the light heavyweight title against Jean Pascal, becoming the oldest boxer to ever win a world title at 46. He didn’t stop there; in 2014, at 49, he won another light heavyweight title by defeating Beibut Shumenov. It’s wild how long he stayed at the top.

Hopkins wasn’t just about power; he was a thinking fighter. He knew how to use his experience to outsmart his opponents. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2014.

9. Oscar De La Hoya

Oscar De La Hoya, "The Golden Boy," was a huge name in boxing. He wasn’t just a fighter; he was a star. From East Los Angeles, he captured hearts with his skill and charisma. He managed to win titles in six different weight classes, which is a pretty big deal. One of those wins was against Felix Sturm in 2004, where he took the middleweight title.

De La Hoya’s career wasn’t just about what happened in the ring. He also had a knack for business. In 2002, he started Golden Boy Promotions, and it turned out to be a smart move. Even while he was still boxing, he was building a promotional empire. He fought some of the best boxers of his time, and his fights were always exciting. He had a great left hook, and people loved to watch him fight. He generated around $700 million in pay-per-view income until Floyd Mayweather came along.

De La Hoya’s impact on boxing goes beyond his wins and losses. He brought a certain flair to the sport, and his promotional work helped shape the landscape of boxing as we know it today. He’s a true icon, both in and out of the ring.

Here’s a quick look at some of his accomplishments:

• Six-division world champion
• Successful promoter
• Inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2014

He had a record of 39 wins and 6 losses, with 30 wins by knockout. He was also a world junior welterweight champion from 1996 to 1998 and a world welterweight champion from 1997 to 1999. He was also involved in film, as a producer and actor, known for 40 Days: Canelo vs. Kovalev.

10. George Foreman

George Foreman, also known as "Big George," was a force to be reckoned with in the boxing world. He was an Olympic gold medalist and known for his incredible punching power. I remember watching some of his old fights and being amazed at how quickly he could end a match.

Foreman participated in some of boxing’s most memorable events, including the "Sunshine Showdown" and the "Rumble in the Jungle" against Joe Frazier and Muhammad Ali, respectively. He made history by becoming the oldest world heavyweight champion at 45, winning the title two decades after his loss to Ali. It’s pretty wild to think about someone achieving that level of success so late in their career.

He had a career record of 76 wins out of 81 fights, with 68 wins by knockout. That’s a crazy high knockout rate. He only lost five times, which is a testament to his skill and power.

Foreman’s journey is pretty inspiring. He turned his life around through boxing, going from a troubled youth to an Olympic champion and a world heavyweight champion. It just goes to show that it’s never too late to change your path and achieve great things.

Here are some of his accomplishments:

• Olympic Gold Medal (1968)
• Two-time World Heavyweight Champion
• Oldest Heavyweight Champion in History (at the time)

11. Henry Armstrong

Henry Armstrong, born in St. Louis, Missouri, was a true force in the boxing world. He’s remembered for his relentless style and incredible stamina. Armstrong didn’t just win fights; he overwhelmed opponents with a constant barrage of punches.

Armstrong’s accomplishments are pretty amazing:

• He held world titles in three different weight classes simultaneously (featherweight, lightweight, and welterweight).
• His record boasts 150 wins, with a whopping 101 by knockout.
• He beat a lot of hall of famers, including Lou Ambers and Jimmy McLarnin.

Armstrong’s aggressive style made him a fan favorite. He wasn’t about fancy footwork or elaborate defense; he was about constant pressure and overwhelming his opponents. This approach, combined with his incredible conditioning, made him a tough fighter to beat.

12. Jack Johnson

Jack Johnson was a fascinating figure, both in and out of the ring. He was the first African American world heavyweight boxing champion, holding the title from 1908 to 1915. His life was marked by controversy, facing racism and discrimination throughout his career. Johnson’s boxing style was unique for his time, emphasizing defense and counter-punching, a stark contrast to the brawling style common then.

Johnson’s impact extended beyond boxing. He challenged social norms and racial barriers, living a life of defiance that made him a symbol of resistance against the prejudice of the era. His story remains relevant, highlighting the struggles and triumphs of African Americans in the face of adversity.

Here are some key aspects of his career:

• Became world heavyweight champion in 1908 after defeating Tommy Burns.
• His victories over white opponents sparked racial animosity and led to calls for a "Great White Hope" to defeat him.
• Was convicted under the Mann Act, a racially motivated prosecution that significantly impacted his life and career.

13. Julio Cesar Chavez

Julio Cesar Chavez, a name synonymous with Mexican boxing, secured his place among the greats through sheer dominance and an incredible winning streak. His relentless pressure and brutal body shots made him a feared opponent throughout the 80s and 90s.

Chavez’s record speaks for itself. He amassed an amazing 107 wins, with 86 coming by way of knockout. While he did suffer 6 losses, his peak years saw him virtually unbeatable. He faced a number of top fighters, including multiple Hall of Famers. Some of the notable names he defeated include Genaro Hernandez, Jesse Leija, and Hector Camacho. He also fought Pernell Whitaker to a draw, a decision that many still debate to this day.

Chavez’s impact on boxing, particularly in Mexico, is undeniable. He inspired a generation of fighters and fans with his unwavering determination and exciting style. His legacy as one of the greatest Mexican boxers of all time is secure.

Here’s a quick look at some of his accomplishments:

• Multiple-time world champion in three weight divisions
• Longest undefeated streak in boxing history (87-0)
• Considered one of the greatest junior welterweights of all time

14. Evander Holyfield

Evander "The Real Deal" Holyfield, a name synonymous with grit and determination in the boxing world. He’s the only boxer to win the undisputed championship in two weight classes during the three-belt era, which is a pretty amazing feat. Holyfield’s career, spanning from 1984 to 2011, was filled with memorable fights and some serious hardware.

He’s also the only four-time world heavyweight champion, which is just wild when you think about it. He held the WBA, WBC, and IBF titles from 1990 to 1992, and then he kept adding more titles to his collection over the years. The guy just wouldn’t quit.

Holyfield’s legacy is built on his relentless fighting style and his willingness to take on anyone. He faced some of the biggest names in boxing history, and he always came to fight. His bouts were wars, and he always left it all in the ring. That’s why he’s remembered as one of the greats.

Here’s a quick look at some of the big names Holyfield faced:

• George Foreman
• Larry Holmes
• Mike Tyson (twice!)
• Riddick Bowe
• Michael Moorer
• Hasim Rahman

15. Roberto Duran

Roberto Duran, also known as "Hands of Stone," is a legend. He’s up there with the best. Duran wasn’t just tough; he was skilled, powerful, and had a style that was ahead of its time. He fought in several weight classes, from lightweight to heavyweight, and beat some really good fighters along the way.

He had an impressive record, winning 103 out of 119 professional fights, with 70 wins by knockout. That’s a lot of knockouts! He only lost 16 fights, and his first loss didn’t come until after 32 fights.

Here are a few things that made Duran stand out:

• He held world titles in four different weight classes: lightweight, welterweight, junior middleweight, and middleweight.
• He fought in five different decades, finally retiring at the age of 50.
• He beat Hall of Famers like Wilfred Benitez, Thomas Hearns, and Marvin Hagler.

Duran had a dangerous combination of ring skill, durability, and punching power. He was a force to be reckoned with, and his name will always be remembered in boxing history.

16. Lennox Lewis

Lennox Lewis, a dual citizen of England and Canada, really made a name for himself after winning gold at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, where he knocked out Riddick Bowe. He turned pro in ’89, and it wasn’t long before his power became obvious. His win against Donovan Ruddock in ’92 really cemented his status as a serious contender.

Bowe, who had previously been KO’d by Lewis as an amateur, ducked a title shot against Lewis and tossed his WBC title in the trash. The WBC then awarded the title to Lewis. Lewis defended the title for a while, but then lost to Oliver McCall in ’94. He teamed up with trainer Emanuel Steward and started climbing back to the top.

Then, there was the whole Hasim Rahman situation. Lewis went to South Africa to fight Rahman, but he didn’t prepare well, and lost in a major upset. But Lewis came back and won the title back in a rematch.

Lewis’s career is a story of resilience and strategic brilliance. He faced setbacks, but always managed to come back stronger, proving his mettle as a true champion.

17. Willie Pep

Willie Pep, born Guglielmo Papaleo, was a whirlwind in the ring. I mean, the guy fought over 240 times! That’s just insane. Known for his incredible speed and elusiveness, Pep was a true artist of defense.

He wasn’t just about dodging punches, though. Pep had an amazing jab and ring generalship that frustrated opponents to no end. He was a master of controlling the pace and distance of a fight. It’s like he was always one step ahead.

Pep’s career wasn’t without its challenges. A plane crash in 1947 threatened to end his career, but he made a remarkable recovery and returned to the ring. That kind of resilience is something you just don’t see every day. It speaks volumes about his character and determination.

Here’s a quick look at some of his achievements:

• Two-time world featherweight champion
• Won 229 of his 241 professional fights
• Considered one of the greatest defensive fighters of all time

18. Carl Froch

Carl Froch, "The Cobra," is a name that resonates with boxing fans, especially those who appreciate a good, old-fashioned brawl. He wasn’t always the flashiest, but he was tough, durable, and always came to fight. Froch’s career was defined by his willingness to take on all comers, often in their backyards.

He had some amazing fights, and his record speaks for itself. He wasn’t about dodging opponents; he wanted the best, and he usually got them. He had a real warrior spirit, and that’s what made him so popular.

Froch’s career is a testament to grit and determination. He wasn’t the most naturally gifted, but he worked hard and made the most of his abilities. He always gave the fans what they wanted: exciting fights and a never-say-die attitude.

Here’s a quick look at some of his notable achievements:

• Won the WBC super-middleweight title.
• Won the IBF super-middleweight title.
• Defeated Lucian Bute in a stunning upset.
• Had epic battles with George Groves.

19. Gennady Golovkin

Gennady "GGG" Golovkin is a name that resonates with boxing fans around the world. Known for his incredible punching power and relentless pressure, Golovkin dominated the middleweight division for years. He’s not just about power, though; his technical skills and ring generalship are top-notch.

Golovkin’s career has been marked by some truly memorable fights, including his trilogy with Canelo Alvarez. While some might argue about the scoring of those fights, there’s no denying the excitement and skill on display. Golovkin’s dedication to the sport and his willingness to take on tough opponents have cemented his place among the greats.

Here’s a quick look at some of his key stats:

• Record: 42-2-1
• Knockout Percentage: High, making him a feared puncher.
• Notable Wins: A long list of middleweight contenders and champions.

Golovkin’s impact on boxing extends beyond his wins and losses. He brought a level of excitement and intensity to the middleweight division that hadn’t been seen in years. His fights were always must-watch events, and he inspired a new generation of boxers and fans.

20. Tommy Hearns

Tommy "The Hitman" Hearns, hailing from Detroit, Michigan, was a force to be reckoned with in the boxing world. Known for his incredible punching power and lanky frame, Hearns terrorized opponents across multiple weight divisions. He wasn’t just a power puncher, though; Hearns possessed a sharp jab and surprising agility for a man of his size.

Hearns was part of the legendary "Four Kings" of the 1980s, alongside Sugar Ray Leonard, Roberto Duran, and Marvin Hagler. His fights with these legends are etched in boxing history, showcasing both his devastating power and his vulnerabilities.

Hearns’ career wasn’t without its ups and downs. He experienced some tough losses, but he always bounced back, demonstrating his resilience and determination. His willingness to face the best, even when the odds were stacked against him, cemented his place among the greats.

Here’s a quick look at some of Hearns’ notable achievements:

• Won world titles in five different weight classes.
• Defeated boxing legends like Roberto Duran.
• Known for his devastating knockout power.
• Part of the iconic "Four Kings" rivalry.

21. Marvin Hagler

Marvin Hagler, hailing from Brockton, Massachusetts, was a force to be reckoned with in the boxing world. His record speaks for itself: 62 wins (with a whopping 52 by knockout), only 3 losses, and 2 draws. He wasn’t just about winning; he was about dominating.

He held the World Middleweight Champion title from 1980 to 1987, a testament to his skill and endurance. Hagler faced some of the best, including Alan Minter, Fulgencio Obelmejias (twice), Vito Antuofermo, Roberto Duran, and Thomas Hearns. These weren’t just wins; they were against top-tier competition.

Hagler’s place among the greats is secure. His relentless style, combined with his undeniable power, made him a feared opponent. He wasn’t just a boxer; he was a warrior in the ring, leaving everything he had in every fight.

Here’s a quick look at some of his key stats:

• Total Fights: 67
• Wins: 62
• Wins by KO: 52
• Losses: 3
• Draws: 2

22. Riddick Bowe

Riddick Bowe, also known as "Big Daddy," was a force in the heavyweight division during the early to mid-1990s. His career was marked by a mix of impressive wins and controversial moments, making him a memorable figure in boxing history.

Bowe’s professional record stands at 43 wins (33 by KO), 1 loss, and 0 draws. He held the World Heavyweight Championship from 1992 to 1993 and again in 1995.

Some of Bowe’s notable achievements include:

• Winning a silver medal at the 1988 Seoul Olympics.
• Defeating Evander Holyfield in their first fight to win the heavyweight title.
• Participating in a memorable trilogy of fights with Holyfield.

Bowe’s career was often overshadowed by his rivalry with Lennox Lewis, whom he refused to fight after winning the title. This decision, along with other controversies, impacted his legacy in the sport. Despite this, his talent and power were undeniable, and he remains a significant figure in heavyweight boxing history.

23. Sergio Martinez

Sergio Martinez, often called "Maravilla" (Wonder), brought a unique style to boxing. He was a late bloomer in many ways, finding real success later in his career than most fighters. He was known for his unorthodox stance, fast hands, and surprising power.

Martinez’s journey is a testament to perseverance. He wasn’t always the most polished fighter, but his heart and determination made him a force to be reckoned with. He had some amazing wins against top-tier opponents, solidifying his place in boxing history.

He had a pretty good career, and here are some highlights:

• Won the WBC middleweight title.
• Defeated several top-ranked opponents.
• Known for his exciting, fan-friendly style.

24. James Toney

James Toney, man, what a fighter. He was just so good at making adjustments. Some people might not have him super high on their lists, but you can’t deny his skills. He beat some really good guys, and he was always in shape, ready to go.

Toney was known for his incredible defense and counter-punching ability. He could take a punch, that’s for sure, and he knew how to make his opponents miss. It was frustrating to watch him fight sometimes because he made it look so easy.

Here’s a quick look at some of his notable wins:

• Michael Nunn
• Iran Barkley
• Vassiliy Jirov

Toney’s career had its ups and downs, no doubt. But when he was on, he was really on. He had this way of just breaking guys down, mentally and physically. He wasn’t always the most exciting fighter to watch, but he was effective, and that’s what matters in the end.

25. Andre Ward and more

Andre Ward definitely deserves a spot on this list. He retired undefeated with a 32-0 record, which is pretty impressive. He was also a two-division world champion and got inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame back in 2021. Not bad for a career that ended when he was only 33.

Ward beat some really good fighters, like Carl Froch and Sergey Kovalev. People saw him as a smart fighter, a real technician in the ring. He had a great jab that helped him outsmart guys who were known for their power. He won a gold medal at the 2004 Olympics, too. He unified titles at super middleweight and light heavyweight, and ESPN even ranked him as the number one pound-for-pound fighter when he retired in 2017.

Of course, there are tons of other boxers who could be on a list like this. Boxing history is full of amazing fighters. Here are a few more names that come to mind:

• Juan Manuel Marquez
• James Toney
• Many others

Wrapping It Up

So there you have it, a look at some of the greatest boxers to ever step into the ring. Each of these fighters brought something unique to the sport, whether it was their skill, charisma, or sheer determination. Boxing has a rich history, and these legends have left their mark in ways that fans will remember for generations. Sure, opinions on who belongs on this list might differ, but one thing’s for sure: these boxers have all earned their place in the conversation. As we continue to watch new talent emerge, it’s exciting to think about who might join these ranks in the future.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who is considered the greatest boxer of all time?

Many people believe Muhammad Ali is the greatest boxer ever due to his skills, personality, and impact on the sport.

What made Floyd Mayweather so successful?

Floyd Mayweather is known for his incredible defensive skills and a perfect record of 50 wins and no losses.

Why is Sugar Ray Robinson often listed among the best?

Sugar Ray Robinson was a versatile boxer who excelled in multiple weight classes and is praised for his fighting style.

How did Joe Louis change boxing?

Joe Louis was a heavyweight champion who helped to popularize boxing and broke racial barriers in the sport.

What was Mike Tyson’s fighting style?

Mike Tyson was known for his aggressive style and knockout power, making him one of the most feared heavyweights.

Why do people admire Manny Pacquiao?

Manny Pacquiao is admired for his speed, skill, and ability to win titles in multiple weight classes.